Python (2022-11-16 - 2022-11-18)

Object Oriented

print('Hello World')

Hello World

a = 42

print(type(a))

<class 'int'>

import sys
sys.getsizeof(a)

28

print(type(print))

<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

print(type(type))

<class 'type'>

print.__doc__

"print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)\n\nPrints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.\nOptional keyword arguments:\nfile:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.\nsep:   string inserted between values, default a space.\nend:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.\nflush: whether to forcibly flush the stream."

help(print)

Help on built-in function print in module builtins:

print(...)
    print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
    Optional keyword arguments:
    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.
    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.
    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.

class Person:
    '''Some pointless and repetitive implementation of
    yet another Person class (for didactical purposes only)'''
    def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):
        self.firstname = firstname
        self.lastname = lastname
    def fullname(self):
        return self.firstname + ' ' + self.lastname

joerg = Person('Joerg', 'Faschingbauer')

type(joerg)

__main__.Person

joerg.firstname

'Joerg'

joerg.fullname()

'Joerg Faschingbauer'

Person

__main__.Person

type(Person)

type

Person.__name__

'Person'

dir(Person)

['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 'fullname']

Person.__doc__

'Some pointless and repetitive implementation of\n    yet another Person class (for didactical purposes only)'

help(Person)

Help on class Person in module __main__:

class Person(builtins.object)
 |  Person(firstname, lastname)
 |
 |  Some pointless and repetitive implementation of
 |  yet another Person class (for didactical purposes only)
 |
 |  Methods defined here:
 |
 |  __init__(self, firstname, lastname)
 |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
 |
 |  fullname(self)
 |
 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 |  Data descriptors defined here:
 |
 |  __dict__
 |      dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
 |
 |  __weakref__
 |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)

Integers

i = 666

type(i)

int

i = 2**64 - 1

bin(i)

'0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'

len(bin(i))

66

i += 1

i

18446744073709551616

bin(i)

'0b10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

len(bin(i))

67

2**1000

10715086071862673209484250490600018105614048117055336074437503883703510511249361224931983788156958581275946729175531468251871452856923140435984577574698574803934567774824230985421074605062371141877954182153046474983581941267398767559165543946077062914571196477686542167660429831652624386837205668069376

a = 42

a

42

a == 42

True

if a == 42:
    print('hurra')

hurra

Strings

s = 'abc'
s

'abc'

s = "abc"
s

'abc'

s = 'ab"c'
s

'ab"c'

s = "ab'c"
s

"ab'c"

s = "ab\"'c"
s

'ab"\'c'

s = 'ab"\'c'
s

'ab"\'c'

s = """
erste zeile
zweite zeile
"""
s

'\nerste zeile\nzweite zeile\n'

Datatype Conversions

round(12.9)

13

round(12.1)

12

try:
    int('abc')
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'

int('abc', 16)

2748

try:
    int('abc')
except BaseException as e:
    print(e)

invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'

try:
    int('abc')
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc'

Lists and Tuples

l = [1,2,'drei']
l

[1, 2, 'drei']

len(l)

3

l.append(4.0)
l

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0]

andere_liste = [5, 6, 7]

neue_liste = l + andere_liste
neue_liste

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0, 5, 6, 7]

l

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0]

andere_liste

[5, 6, 7]

l += andere_liste
l

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0, 5, 6, 7]

l.append([8,9,10])
l

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0, 5, 6, 7, [8, 9, 10]]

l.extend([11,12,13,14])
l

[1, 2, 'drei', 4.0, 5, 6, 7, [8, 9, 10], 11, 12, 13, 14]

l[2]

'drei'

del l[2]

l

[1, 2, 4.0, 5, 6, 7, [8, 9, 10], 11, 12, 13, 14]

5 in l

True

14 in l

True

666 in l

False

t = (1,2,3)
t

(1, 2, 3)

t[2]

3

len(t)

3

try:
    t.append(4)
except AttributeError as e:
    print(e)

'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

Dictionary

d = {1:'one', 2:'two'}

1 in d

True

d[1]

'one'

try:
    d[3]
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)

3

d[3] = 'drei'
d

{1: 'one', 2: 'two', 3: 'drei'}

del d[1]
d

{2: 'two', 3: 'drei'}

for elem in d:
    print(elem)

2
3

for elem in d.keys():
    print(elem)

2
3

for elem in d.values():
    print(elem)

two
drei

for elem in d.items():
    print(elem)

(2, 'two')
(3, 'drei')

for key, value in d.items():
    print(key, value)

2 two
3 drei

Set

s = {1,2,3}
s

{1, 2, 3}

1 in s

True

666 in s

False

for elem in s:
    print(elem)

1
2
3

s.add('vier')
s

{1, 2, 3, 'vier'}

s.remove(3)

for, and Iteration, and Generators

l = [1,2,3,4]
for elem in l:
    print(elem)

1
2
3
4

for elem in range(1,5):
    print(elem)

1
2
3
4

d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
for elem in d:
    print(elem)

one
two

for elem in d.keys():
    print(elem)

one
two

for elem in d.values():
    print(elem)

1
2

for elem in d.items():
    print(elem)

('one', 1)
('two', 2)

for elem in d.items():
    key = elem[0]
    value = elem[1]
    print(f'Key={key}, Value={value}')

Key=one, Value=1
Key=two, Value=2

f = open('/etc/passwd')
for line in f:
    print(line)

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin

tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin

systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

systemd-oom:x:999:999:systemd Userspace OOM Killer:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin

polkitd:x:998:997:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin

avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin

unbound:x:997:995:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin

nm-openconnect:x:996:994:NetworkManager user for OpenConnect:/:/sbin/nologin

geoclue:x:995:993:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin

usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin

gluster:x:994:992:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin

rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin

chrony:x:993:990::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin

saslauth:x:992:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin

dnsmasq:x:991:989:Dnsmasq DHCP and DNS server:/var/lib/dnsmasq:/sbin/nologin

rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin

colord:x:990:988:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin

rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin

openvpn:x:989:987:OpenVPN:/etc/openvpn:/sbin/nologin

nm-openvpn:x:988:986:Default user for running openvpn spawned by NetworkManager:/:/sbin/nologin

pipewire:x:987:985:PipeWire System Daemon:/var/run/pipewire:/sbin/nologin

abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin

flatpak:x:986:983:User for flatpak system helper:/:/sbin/nologin

gdm:x:42:42:GNOME Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin

gnome-initial-setup:x:985:982::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin

vboxadd:x:984:1::/var/run/vboxadd:/sbin/nologin

sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/sbin/nologin

tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin

jfasch:x:1000:1000:Joerg Faschingbauer:/home/jfasch:/bin/bash

systemd-coredump:x:978:978:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

systemd-timesync:x:977:977:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

mosquitto:x:976:976:Mosquitto Broker:/etc/mosquitto:/sbin/nologin

for elem in range(3):
    print(elem)

0
1
2

r = range(3)
type(r)

range

r = range(10**1000)
r

range(0, 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)

r = range(3)
r

range(0, 3)

for elem in r:
    print(elem)

0
1
2

Iterator Protocol

r = range(3)

it = iter(r)

type(it)

range_iterator

next(it)

0

next(it)

1

next(it)

2

try:
    next(it)
except StopIteration:
    pass

enumerate()

names = ['Joerg', 'Caro', 'Johanna', 'Philipp']
for name in names:
    print(name)

Joerg
Caro
Johanna
Philipp

for i in range(len(names)):
    print(i, names[i])

0 Joerg
1 Caro
2 Johanna
3 Philipp

i = 0
while i < len(names):
    print(i, names[i])
    i += 1

0 Joerg
1 Caro
2 Johanna
3 Philipp

for elem in enumerate(names):
    print(elem)

(0, 'Joerg')
(1, 'Caro')
(2, 'Johanna')
(3, 'Philipp')

for i, name in enumerate(names):
    print(i, name)

0 Joerg
1 Caro
2 Johanna
3 Philipp

Lists, Dictionaries, Generators, Constructors

for i in range(3):
    print(i)

0
1
2

l = []
for i in range(3):
    l.append(i)
l

[0, 1, 2]

list(range(3))

[0, 1, 2]

for i in 'abc':
    print(i)

a
b
c

list('abc')

['a', 'b', 'c']

d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
for elem in d:
    print(elem)

one
two

list(d)

['one', 'two']

l = [('one', 1), ('two', 2)]
for k, v in l:
    print(k, v)

one 1
two 2

dict(l)

{'one': 1, 'two': 2}

Slicing

text = 'Hello World'
text[-1:-5]

''

for i in range(0,7,2):
    print(i)

0
2
4
6

References, (Im)mutability

a = 42
b = a

id(a)

140323934455312

id(b)

140323934455312

a += 1
a

43

b

42

id(a)

140323934455344

a += 1
id(a)

140323934455376

And Lists? Mutable!

l1 = [1,2,3]
l2 = l1
l2

[1, 2, 3]

l1.append(4)
l1

[1, 2, 3, 4]

l2

[1, 2, 3, 4]

Tuples?

t1 = (1,2,3)
t2 = t1

id(t1)

140323852147712

id(t2)

140323852147712

try:
    t1.append(4)
except AttributeError as e:
    print(e)

'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

try:
    del t[1]
except TypeError as e:
    print(e)

'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion

Strings

s1 = 'abc'
s2 = s1
id(s1)

140323933649904

id(s2)

140323933649904

s1 += 'def'
id(s1)

140323833601584

s2

'abc'

set

s1 = {1,2,3}
s2 = s1
id(s1) == id(s2)

True

s1.add(4)
s1

{1, 2, 3, 4}

s2

{1, 2, 3, 4}

s1 = frozenset((1,2,3))
s1

frozenset({1, 2, 3})

try:
    s1.add(4)
except AttributeError as e:
    print(e)

'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'

s2 = set(s1)
s2.add(4)

Functions

a, b = [1,2]
a

1

b

2

def f():
    return 1, 2
i, j = f()

i

1

j

2

def f():
    return (1,2)
(i, j) = f()

def maximum(a, b):
    if a < b:
        return b
    return a

maximum

<function __main__.maximum(a, b)>

type(maximum)

function

a = maximum
a(1,2)

2

maximum.__name__

'maximum'

dir(maximum)

['__annotations__',
 '__builtins__',
 '__call__',
 '__class__',
 '__closure__',
 '__code__',
 '__defaults__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__get__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__globals__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__kwdefaults__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__name__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__qualname__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__']

def greet(who, phrase='Grüß Gott'):
    print(phrase, who)

greet('Jörg')

Grüß Gott Jörg

greet('Jörg', 'Seas')

Seas Jörg

def f(x=[]):
    print(x)

f()

[]

f([1,2,3])

[1, 2, 3]

def f(x=[]):
    x.append(42)
    print(x)

f()

[42]

f()

[42, 42]

f.__defaults__

([42, 42],)

Strings

s = 'abc'
s

'abc'

s = "abc"
s

'abc'

s = 'abc"def'
s

'abc"def'

s = "abc'def"
s

"abc'def"

s = 'abc"\'def'
s

'abc"\'def'

print(s)

abc"'def

s = 'erste zeile\nzweite zeile'
s

'erste zeile\nzweite zeile'

print(s)

erste zeile
zweite zeile

s = 'abc\tdef'
print(s)

abc     def

doze_path = 'C:\Programme\nocheinprogramm'
print(doze_path)

C:\Programme
ocheinprogramm

doze_path = 'C:\\Programme\\nocheinprogramm'
print(doze_path)

C:\Programme\nocheinprogramm

doze_path = r'C:\Programme\nocheinprogramm'
print(doze_path)

C:\Programme\nocheinprogramm

Regular Expressions

line = '     dfghgfdfghj.  123   .   '

line = 'jhghgh   .123.   '

import re

matchstr = r'^\s*([a-z]+)\s*\.\s*(\d+)\s*\.\s*$'

compiled_match = re.compile(matchstr)

match = compiled_match.search('jhghgh   .123.   ')

match.group(1)

'jhghgh'

int(match.group(2))

123

Miscellaneous String Methods

s = '123'
s.isdigit()

True

s = '    \t   \r\n'
s.isspace()

True

s = 'abc'
s.isalpha()

True

s.islower()

True

s.upper()

'ABC'

s = s.upper()

s

'ABC'

s.lower()

'abc'

s = 'a'
s.isidentifier()

True

s = '_a'
s.isidentifier()

True

s = 'abc'
s.capitalize()

'Abc'

s.center(50)

'                       abc                        '

s = 'mississippi'
s.count('ss')

2

s = 'ein.csv'
s.endswith('.csv')

True

s = '\tprint("hallo")'
s.expandtabs(4)

'    print("hallo")'

s = 'mississippi'
s.find('ss')

2

num_ss = 0
pos = 0
while True:
    pos = s.find('ss', pos)
    if pos == -1:
        break
    num_ss += 1
    pos += 1
print('ss gefunden:', num_ss)

ss gefunden: 2

s

'mississippi'

s.index('ss')

2

try:
    s.index('xyz')
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

substring not found

s = '   abc    '

s.strip()

'abc'

s.lstrip()

'abc    '

s.rstrip()

'   abc'

s = 'line\n'

s.rstrip('\n')

'line'

items = ['Joerg', 'Caro', 'Philipp', 'Johanna', 'Isi']
','.join(items)

'Joerg,Caro,Philipp,Johanna,Isi'

line = ','.join(items)
line

'Joerg,Caro,Philipp,Johanna,Isi'

line.split(',')

['Joerg', 'Caro', 'Philipp', 'Johanna', 'Isi']

line = '     dfghgfdfghj.  123   .   '

items = line.split('.')
items

['     dfghgfdfghj', '  123   ', '   ']

strippeditems = []
for item in items:
    strippeditems.append(item.strip())
strippeditems

['dfghgfdfghj', '123', '']

strippeditems = [item.strip() for item in items]
items

['     dfghgfdfghj', '  123   ', '   ']

More About Lists

l =  [3, 2, 5]

l.append(5)

l

[3, 2, 5, 5]

l1 = ['noch', 'was']

l.extend(l1)
l

[3, 2, 5, 5, 'noch', 'was']

l.append(l1)

l

[3, 2, 5, 5, 'noch', 'was', ['noch', 'was']]

try:
    l.sort()
except TypeError as e:
    print(e)

'<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'

l = [4, 1, 6, 666, 42]

l.sort()

l

[1, 4, 6, 42, 666]

l = [4, 1, 6, 666, 42]

sorted(l)

[1, 4, 6, 42, 666]

l.reverse()

l

[42, 666, 6, 1, 4]

list(reversed(l))

[4, 1, 6, 666, 42]

666 in l

True

More About Dictionaries

d = {}

type(d)

dict

d = dict()

d

{}

d['one'] = 1
d['two'] = 2

d

{'one': 1, 'two': 2}

d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2}

d['one']

1

d['three'] = 3

d['three']

3

try:
    d['four']
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)

'four'

d.get('three')

3

value = d.get('four')
print(value)

None

value = d.get('four')
if value is None:
    d['four'] = 4
else:
    print(value)

d

{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}

value = d.get('five', 5)
value

5

d

{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}

value = d.setdefault('five', 5)
value

5

d

{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5}

other_d = {'hundred': 100, 'thousand': 1000}

d.update(other_d)

d

{'one': 1,
 'two': 2,
 'three': 3,
 'four': 4,
 'five': 5,
 'hundred': 100,
 'thousand': 1000}

yet_another_d = {'thousand': 1, 'one': 1000}

d.update(yet_another_d)
d

{'one': 1000,
 'two': 2,
 'three': 3,
 'four': 4,
 'five': 5,
 'hundred': 100,
 'thousand': 1}

More About Sets

s = set()

s

set()

s = {1, 2, 3}

3 in s

True

3 not in s

False

4 not in s

True

s.add(4)

4 in s

True

s.remove(2)

2 in s

False

s == s

True

s

{1, 3, 4}

s1 = {1,2,3}
s2 = {3,1,2}
s1 == s2

True

s3 = {1,2,3,4}

s1 == s3

False

s1 < s3

True

s3 > s1

True

s4 = {1000, 2000}

s1.isdisjoint(s4)

True

Comprehensions (List, Dictionary, Set)

List

squares = []
for num in range(5):
    squares.append(num**2)

for sq in squares:
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

for sq in [num**2 for num in range(5)]:
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

for sq in [num**2 for num in range(10) if num%2==0]:
    print(sq)

0
4
16
36
64

Dictionary

dict([('one', 1), ('two', 2)])

{'one': 1, 'two': 2}

squares = {}
for num in range(5):
    squares[num] = num**2

squares

{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

squares = {num: num**2 for num in range(5)}
squares

{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

Set

squares = set()
for num in range(5):
    squares.add(num**2)
squares

{0, 1, 4, 9, 16}

squares = {num**2 for num in range(5)}
squares

{0, 1, 4, 9, 16}

Generator Expressions

def squares(seq):
    squares = []
    for num in range(5):
        squares.append(num**2)
    return squares

for sq in squares(range(5)):
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

def squares(seq):
    for num in range(5):
        yield num**2

for sq in squares(range(5)):
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

for sq in [num**2 for num in range(5)]:
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

for sq in (num**2 for num in range(5)):
    print(sq)

0
1
4
9
16

eval and exec

s = '42'

int(s)     # BORING!

42

eval(s)

42

s = '[1,2,3]'
eval(s)

[1, 2, 3]

s = '"    ".strip()'
eval(s)

''

value = print('hallo')
value

hallo

print(value)

None

s = 'print("hallo")'
value = eval(s)

hallo

print(value)

None

s = '['
s += '1,'
s += '2,'
s += '"drei"]'
s

'[1,2,"drei"]'

eval(s)

[1, 2, 'drei']

s = 'for i in range(5): print(i)'
exec(s)

0
1
2
3
4

s = '''
a = 666
print(a)
'''
exec(s)

666

a

666

del a

s

'\na = 666\nprint(a)\n'

context = {}

exec(s, context)

666

context

{'__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins',
  '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.",
  '__package__': '',
  '__loader__': _frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter,
  '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in'),
  '__build_class__': <function __build_class__>,
  '__import__': <function __import__>,
  'abs': <function abs(x, /)>,
  'all': <function all(iterable, /)>,
  'any': <function any(iterable, /)>,
  'ascii': <function ascii(obj, /)>,
  'bin': <function bin(number, /)>,
  'breakpoint': <function breakpoint>,
  'callable': <function callable(obj, /)>,
  'chr': <function chr(i, /)>,
  'compile': <function compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)>,
  'delattr': <function delattr(obj, name, /)>,
  'dir': <function dir>,
  'divmod': <function divmod(x, y, /)>,
  'eval': <function eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)>,
  'exec': <function exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)>,
  'format': <function format(value, format_spec='', /)>,
  'getattr': <function getattr>,
  'globals': <function globals()>,
  'hasattr': <function hasattr(obj, name, /)>,
  'hash': <function hash(obj, /)>,
  'hex': <function hex(number, /)>,
  'id': <function id(obj, /)>,
  'input': <bound method Kernel.raw_input of <ipykernel.ipkernel.IPythonKernel object at 0x7f9fb16abcd0>>,
  'isinstance': <function isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)>,
  'issubclass': <function issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)>,
  'iter': <function iter>,
  'aiter': <function aiter(async_iterable, /)>,
  'len': <function len(obj, /)>,
  'locals': <function locals()>,
  'max': <function max>,
  'min': <function min>,
  'next': <function next>,
  'anext': <function anext>,
  'oct': <function oct(number, /)>,
  'ord': <function ord(c, /)>,
  'pow': <function pow(base, exp, mod=None)>,
  'print': <function print>,
  'repr': <function repr(obj, /)>,
  'round': <function round(number, ndigits=None)>,
  'setattr': <function setattr(obj, name, value, /)>,
  'sorted': <function sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)>,
  'sum': <function sum(iterable, /, start=0)>,
  'vars': <function vars>,
  'None': None,
  'Ellipsis': Ellipsis,
  'NotImplemented': NotImplemented,
  'False': False,
  'True': True,
  'bool': bool,
  'memoryview': memoryview,
  'bytearray': bytearray,
  'bytes': bytes,
  'classmethod': classmethod,
  'complex': complex,
  'dict': dict,
  'enumerate': enumerate,
  'filter': filter,
  'float': float,
  'frozenset': frozenset,
  'property': property,
  'int': int,
  'list': list,
  'map': map,
  'object': object,
  'range': range,
  'reversed': reversed,
  'set': set,
  'slice': slice,
  'staticmethod': staticmethod,
  'str': str,
  'super': super,
  'tuple': tuple,
  'type': type,
  'zip': zip,
  '__debug__': True,
  'BaseException': BaseException,
  'Exception': Exception,
  'TypeError': TypeError,
  'StopAsyncIteration': StopAsyncIteration,
  'StopIteration': StopIteration,
  'GeneratorExit': GeneratorExit,
  'SystemExit': SystemExit,
  'KeyboardInterrupt': KeyboardInterrupt,
  'ImportError': ImportError,
  'ModuleNotFoundError': ModuleNotFoundError,
  'OSError': OSError,
  'EnvironmentError': OSError,
  'IOError': OSError,
  'EOFError': EOFError,
  'RuntimeError': RuntimeError,
  'RecursionError': RecursionError,
  'NotImplementedError': NotImplementedError,
  'NameError': NameError,
  'UnboundLocalError': UnboundLocalError,
  'AttributeError': AttributeError,
  'SyntaxError': SyntaxError,
  'IndentationError': IndentationError,
  'TabError': TabError,
  'LookupError': LookupError,
  'IndexError': IndexError,
  'KeyError': KeyError,
  'ValueError': ValueError,
  'UnicodeError': UnicodeError,
  'UnicodeEncodeError': UnicodeEncodeError,
  'UnicodeDecodeError': UnicodeDecodeError,
  'UnicodeTranslateError': UnicodeTranslateError,
  'AssertionError': AssertionError,
  'ArithmeticError': ArithmeticError,
  'FloatingPointError': FloatingPointError,
  'OverflowError': OverflowError,
  'ZeroDivisionError': ZeroDivisionError,
  'SystemError': SystemError,
  'ReferenceError': ReferenceError,
  'MemoryError': MemoryError,
  'BufferError': BufferError,
  'Warning': Warning,
  'UserWarning': UserWarning,
  'EncodingWarning': EncodingWarning,
  'DeprecationWarning': DeprecationWarning,
  'PendingDeprecationWarning': PendingDeprecationWarning,
  'SyntaxWarning': SyntaxWarning,
  'RuntimeWarning': RuntimeWarning,
  'FutureWarning': FutureWarning,
  'ImportWarning': ImportWarning,
  'UnicodeWarning': UnicodeWarning,
  'BytesWarning': BytesWarning,
  'ResourceWarning': ResourceWarning,
  'ConnectionError': ConnectionError,
  'BlockingIOError': BlockingIOError,
  'BrokenPipeError': BrokenPipeError,
  'ChildProcessError': ChildProcessError,
  'ConnectionAbortedError': ConnectionAbortedError,
  'ConnectionRefusedError': ConnectionRefusedError,
  'ConnectionResetError': ConnectionResetError,
  'FileExistsError': FileExistsError,
  'FileNotFoundError': FileNotFoundError,
  'IsADirectoryError': IsADirectoryError,
  'NotADirectoryError': NotADirectoryError,
  'InterruptedError': InterruptedError,
  'PermissionError': PermissionError,
  'ProcessLookupError': ProcessLookupError,
  'TimeoutError': TimeoutError,
  'open': <function io.open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)>,
  'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Python Software Foundation.
  All Rights Reserved.

  Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
  All Rights Reserved.

  Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
  All Rights Reserved.

  Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
  All Rights Reserved.,
  'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
      for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.,
  'license': Type license() to see the full license text,
  'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.,
  'execfile': <function _pydev_imps._pydev_execfile.execfile(file, glob=None, loc=None)>,
  'runfile': <function _pydev_bundle.pydev_umd.runfile(filename, args=None, wdir=None, namespace=None)>,
  '__IPYTHON__': True,
  'display': <function IPython.core.display.display(*objs, include=None, exclude=None, metadata=None, transient=None, display_id=None, **kwargs)>,
  'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x7f9fb1516200>>},
 'a': 666}

print(context['a'])

666

config_file = '''
SRCDIR = '/tmp/src'
DSTDIR = '/tmp/dst'
INTERVAL = 3
'''

config = {}
exec(config_file, config)

config['SRCDIR']

'/tmp/src'

config['DSTDIR']

'/tmp/dst'

config['INTERVAL']

3