Hello Jupyter Notebook¶
[3]:
print('hello suesser')
hello suesser
[1]:
for i in range(5):
print(i)
0
1
2
3
4
BlahBlah¶
[217]:
class Person:
def __init__(self, firstname, lastname, svnr):
print('Person: self:', id(self))
self.firstname = firstname
self.lastname = lastname
self.svnr = svnr
[218]:
joerg = Person('Joerg', 'Faschingbauer', '1037190666')
print('joerg:', id(joerg))
caro = Person('Caro', 'Faschingbauer', '1234250497')
Person: self: 140616191009600
joerg: 140616191009600
Person: self: 140616191012720
[7]:
type(joerg)
[7]:
__main__.Person
[8]:
joerg.firstname
[8]:
'Joerg'
[9]:
class Person:
pass
[10]:
type(joerg)
[10]:
__main__.Person
[11]:
joerg.firstname
[11]:
'Joerg'
[12]:
nothing = Person()
[15]:
try:
nothing.firstname
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'AttributeError'> 'Person' object has no attribute 'firstname'
[16]:
type(joerg)
[16]:
__main__.Person
[21]:
i = 666
[19]:
type(i)
[19]:
int
[20]:
type(Person)
[20]:
type
[22]:
i = int('666')
i
[22]:
666
[24]:
s = 'abc'
type(s)
[24]:
str
[27]:
s = str(42)
print(repr(s))
'42'
Syntax etc¶
Docstrings¶
[29]:
def add(a, b):
'''
This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...
... and takes parameters a, b ...
The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.
'''
return a+b
[30]:
s = add(1, 2)
s
[30]:
3
[31]:
add
[31]:
<function __main__.add(a, b)>
[32]:
add.__doc__
[32]:
'\n This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...\n ... and takes parameters a, b ...\n The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.\n '
[34]:
help(add)
Help on function add in module __main__:
add(a, b)
This extremely complex algorithm uses an approximation to ...
... and takes parameters a, b ...
The value of the function call expression is the sum of the parameters a and b.
Variables¶
[35]:
a = 42
[37]:
type(a)
[37]:
int
[39]:
id(a)
[39]:
140116274372176
[42]:
hex(id(a))
[42]:
'0x7f6f5cc2de50'
[43]:
b = a
[44]:
hex(id(b))
[44]:
'0x7f6f5cc2de50'
[45]:
a += 7
[46]:
hex(id(a))
[46]:
'0x7f6f5cc2df30'
Datatypes¶
[51]:
i = 2**64 - 1
[52]:
i
[52]:
18446744073709551615
[54]:
i += 1
[55]:
i
[55]:
18446744073709551617
[56]:
2**100
[56]:
1267650600228229401496703205376
[57]:
2**100000
[57]:
99900209301438450794403276433003359098042913905418169177152927386314583246425734832748733133244965040316439444555585493001879966076561765629084713542474928751988896298736710932463504273731124792658002785312410887370856052872283901645686910268506759235179146970528576446968015248323454755432502927865208069577709717411022320429763512053307779968979251166198707717857759555217200813202952046179492292592956239209657978735581586675254957973131448062492602618379413050805826860315351341787396228349908863577580621046066363721305877953223449720108084863695414018358513598580356035740218729081555665806071864612689728397946218422675793496388933572475887619591376567624111250207087048704651793963987101092003639347456180906016133778985602968635985580247614489330470522228601313770959583573194858984964045723838751707022423326334368944232973818777331532869442179361253019078689036036632831615027261399341528040711719149239033418749353944558963012921972564177172335435447515523793108922681824024527557520947046421859438628656327442313320847422215514933150027177500642288262118225493496005574573349646784832691809518959557691745096732244177404328404558821091379053756467721399766217852650571698548345624875183223832503186455054721143699341679816781702551228129780651948062954053391546574799412974991903485075443364145056316573960066933824273164340395801212802609842122475142078347122248314103040686037196401618557416564394722534649452497003145098900931622689527444287054764254722531675145211822314553883743082326422006330251375331293651643417252062561553117947386191429047614456549271284181751835313270529754953705614382395732279396730301060774568484774278321953492279838364361637647429695459066723691241363259321233356431358944652191018821238297409079163860232354509593887667364032295779939011521544480036372150691155911119960015305891077294210322304242620356934932160529275696258584458223545946452769231081973058062803265167364493437617324097533423332897302829591735692730132864233117596052304951716770331637095222569524604021433876551976440165281480223483318810975594219604764793885201985410173489859485110054692466172341431353099384059232689535865388869744270086070286355020855620295493524800507965215649196832651067441009678229519541616177175429975200098873073778762106858907709694116104380286239504453237895918707602892603934898261007748876728529181064684891438936490647845912116121933007079005370590421880128565594036990708880329668716116559612323319983109232250828661803218804394475729867620969358197843859279692501233269351946932077243355273655662482237878338880749992768316334403186044636187037897843130328438234704109443065914719283411909751852392123276743849905615636884329390394420026175309768506051329371014490863961416205560535473355699267009413752718291424072342679375650697655674759341013102253428300804090795873295442135513073020501715984242307604692097329072901416063539608805592023573768856478522400927771114891344924169956071717862984365339781808694741067511113535237115404365993108896974856588008878619749343579292462040517672460122506184040119662898726738030704983612179744846791007478463561946648292247361341151355671792917819680560537264841411283478582412591219546011844124093497829633170420025304186616949623187358606524854102222118695442237882891897120805145751413619648053697231645705649984795376571745481285974060773391587753323552156094359192751993510142222469630170137174193375049192953632951011152929518362828191918216516764559465158280489842561167481503678052678786627169996492969493770457948761466281109299820207370133303244510053853785511888034741481986651145793226849009930002367361685552941734420599253719652449979254831593437063439703718096114703230741869850350547222890271748503333683283002811329108416931504573899331839345932929949427960153097561187089189295284490742432847670062431711716227317666067961019678022045645890158995247047410011581109636337313293883568689494087593341769093878063985846473005889281759988444774861300631530687600700848372675277897773568300427789027721056838330214702797285953363321105640642639097245799496861629080196041417539357688765879924285499121517379242703432486484142474568388895418932414509875057594030132496975416969553302968802193048741635010979200362102387682751763699809776149796360967043481401241306835768799049974365962964957054595247353820003637703248949821033313329135623151698544104153170541939282347233988484535521732036880883121009439414349382822035496502815307510870986046812248029738256312449893319652962023726085865090503079933086520012316719151827657420956895131361840954121214737863110428977178614481583169658487669495548262525049612270447147122296202746823629098038774693769873589421254417923552983874798304502539097887334697326030975441564748054737327327672486527590349953363541269539004588549886835749278646152520408004901147858922890854433539969947808674716135197858385714564215831711930041179894407902683463575503398880867251278835772976264992138274365739929273022387925769242327854872012972553860719683037824830637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8131048296612979081477663269791394570357390537422769779633811568396223208402597025155304734389883109376
[58]:
3*4+1
[58]:
13
[60]:
(3*4)+1
[60]:
13
[62]:
3*(4+1)
[62]:
15
[63]:
9%5
[63]:
4
[64]:
4*9%5
[64]:
1
[65]:
(4*9)%5
[65]:
1
Compound Datatypes¶
List¶
[66]:
l = [1, 2.0, 'drei']
l
[66]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei']
[67]:
l.append(4)
[68]:
l
[68]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4]
[69]:
l.extend([5, 6])
l
[69]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6]
[71]:
l += [7, 8]
l
[71]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8]
[72]:
l1 = [100, 200]
l2 = l + l1
l2
[72]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 100, 200]
[75]:
l
[75]:
[1, 2.0, 'drei', 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8]
[76]:
l1
[76]:
[100, 200]
[77]:
for element in l:
print(element)
1
2.0
drei
4
5
6
7
8
7
8
[79]:
8 in l
[79]:
True
[80]:
666 in l
[80]:
False
Mutability¶
[81]:
l1 = [1,2,3,4]
l2 = l1
[82]:
l1.append(5)
l1
[82]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[83]:
l2
[83]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Removing Elements¶
[118]:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4]
[119]:
del l[2]
l
[119]:
[1, 2, 4]
Tuple¶
[84]:
t = (1, 2, 3, 4)
for element in t:
print(element)
1
2
3
4
[85]:
5 in t
[85]:
False
[87]:
try:
t.append(5)
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'AttributeError'> 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
Dictionary¶
[88]:
translation_table = {
'one': 1,
'two': 2,
}
[89]:
translation = translation_table['one']
[90]:
translation
[90]:
1
[92]:
'one' in translation_table
[92]:
True
[94]:
'three' in translation_table
[94]:
False
[95]:
translation_table['three'] = 3
[96]:
'three' in translation_table
[96]:
True
[98]:
try:
translation_table['four']
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'KeyError'> 'four'
[100]:
translation_table
[100]:
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
[102]:
translation_table['three'] = 3.0
[103]:
translation_table
[103]:
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}
[105]:
multi_dict = {
'one': [1],
'two': [2],
}
multi_dict['one'].append(1.0)
[106]:
multi_dict
[106]:
{'one': [1, 1.0], 'two': [2]}
[110]:
translation_table
[110]:
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}
[108]:
for element in translation_table:
print(element)
one
two
three
[111]:
for element in translation_table.keys():
print(element)
one
two
three
[113]:
for element in translation_table.values():
print(element)
1
2
3.0
[114]:
for element in translation_table.items():
print(element)
('one', 1)
('two', 2)
('three', 3.0)
[115]:
a, b = 1, 2
print(a, b)
1 2
[114]:
for element in translation_table.items():
print(element)
('one', 1)
('two', 2)
('three', 3.0)
[116]:
for element in translation_table.items():
key = element[0]
value = element[1]
print('key:', key, 'value:', value)
key: one value: 1
key: two value: 2
key: three value: 3.0
[117]:
for key, element in translation_table.items():
print('key:', key, 'value:', value)
key: one value: 3.0
key: two value: 3.0
key: three value: 3.0
[120]:
translation_table
[120]:
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3.0}
[121]:
del translation_table['two']
[122]:
translation_table
[122]:
{'one': 1, 'three': 3.0}
Set¶
[123]:
s = {1, 2, 3}
[124]:
3 in s
[124]:
True
[125]:
s.add(4)
[126]:
for element in s:
print(element)
1
2
3
4
[127]:
s.add(1000)
[128]:
for element in s:
print(element)
1
2
3
4
1000
[129]:
s.remove(1000)
s
[129]:
{1, 2, 3, 4}
[130]:
s1 = {1,2, 3, 4}
s2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
[131]:
s1 + s2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_189565/1743780635.py in <module>
----> 1 s1 + s2
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'
[132]:
s1 | s2
[132]:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
[133]:
s1 & s2
[133]:
{3, 4}
[134]:
s1 ^ s2
[134]:
{1, 2, 5, 6}
References, (Im)mutability¶
[135]:
l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
l2 = l1
[136]:
id(l1)
[136]:
140115753096128
[137]:
id(l2)
[137]:
140115753096128
[138]:
id(l1) == id(l2)
[138]:
True
[139]:
l1 is l2
[139]:
True
[140]:
l3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[142]:
l1 == l3
[142]:
True
[143]:
l1 is l3
[143]:
False
[144]:
l1.append(6)
[145]:
l2
[145]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[146]:
l3
[146]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Copying to be safe?
[147]:
l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[148]:
l2 = l1[:]
[150]:
l1 is l2
[150]:
False
[151]:
l1.append(6)
l1
[151]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
[152]:
l2
[152]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Nested Lists?¶
[153]:
l1 = [1, 2, ['drei', 'vier'], 5, 6]
l2 = l1[:]
[154]:
l1 is not l2
[154]:
True
[155]:
l1[2] is l2[2]
[155]:
True
[156]:
l1[2].append('five')
[157]:
l1
[157]:
[1, 2, ['drei', 'vier', 'five'], 5, 6]
[158]:
l2
[158]:
[1, 2, ['drei', 'vier', 'five'], 5, 6]
while loops, and else¶
[8]:
import random
ntries = 0
win = False
while ntries <= 6:
ntries += 1
eyes = random.randrange(1,7)
if eyes == 6:
win = True
break
if win:
print('hooray')
else:
print('lose')
hooray
[10]:
import random
ntries = 1
while ntries <= 6:
ntries += 1
eyes = random.randrange(1,7)
if eyes == 6:
print('hooray')
break
else:
print('lose')
lose
for loops (and else)¶
[14]:
import random
for _ in range(6):
eyes = random.randrange(1,7)
if eyes == 6:
print('hooray')
break
else:
print('lose')
hooray
Iteration¶
[18]:
l = [1, 'one', 1.0]
for element in l:
print(element)
1
one
1.0
[25]:
translation_table = {
'one': 1,
'two': 2,
'zwei': 2,
# ...
}
[26]:
for element in translation_table:
print(element)
one
two
zwei
[27]:
for element in translation_table.keys():
print(element)
one
two
zwei
[28]:
for element in translation_table.values():
print(element)
1
2
2
[29]:
for element in translation_table.items():
print(element)
('one', 1)
('two', 2)
('zwei', 2)
[34]:
for element in translation_table.items():
k = element[0]
v = element[1]
print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')
Key: one, Value: 1
Key: two, Value: 2
Key: zwei, Value: 2
[35]:
for element in translation_table.items():
k, v = element
print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')
Key: one, Value: 1
Key: two, Value: 2
Key: zwei, Value: 2
[37]:
for k, v in translation_table.items():
print(f'Key: {k}, Value: {v}')
Key: one, Value: 1
Key: two, Value: 2
Key: zwei, Value: 2
[38]:
s = {1, 2, 3, 4}
4 in s
[38]:
True
[39]:
for element in s:
print(element)
1
2
3
4
The range() Function, Iterator Protocol¶
[13]:
for element in range(0,6):
print(element)
0
1
2
3
4
5
[41]:
r = range(6)
type(r)
[41]:
range
[42]:
it = iter(r)
[44]:
type(it)
[44]:
range_iterator
[45]:
next(it)
[45]:
0
[46]:
next(it)
[46]:
1
[48]:
next(it)
[48]:
2
[49]:
next(it)
[49]:
3
[50]:
next(it)
[50]:
4
[51]:
next(it)
[51]:
5
[53]:
try:
next(it)
except StopIteration: pass
yield¶
[79]:
def even(start, end):
print('even: entered')
run = start
while run < end:
if run % 2 == 0:
print('even: yielding')
yield run
print('even: continuing after yield')
run += 1
print('even: terminating')
[60]:
for element in even(2, 10):
print(element)
2
4
6
8
[80]:
e = even(2, 10)
type(e)
[80]:
generator
[81]:
it = iter(e)
[82]:
next(it)
even: entered
even: yielding
[82]:
2
[83]:
next(it)
even: continuing after yield
even: yielding
[83]:
4
[84]:
next(it)
even: continuing after yield
even: yielding
[84]:
6
[85]:
next(it)
even: continuing after yield
even: yielding
[85]:
8
[86]:
try:
next(it)
except StopIteration: pass
even: continuing after yield
even: terminating
Encoding, and String¶
[87]:
joerg = 'Jörg'
[88]:
len(joerg)
[88]:
4
[89]:
type(joerg)
[89]:
str
[90]:
joerg[1]
[90]:
'ö'
[92]:
try:
bytes_joerg = joerg.encode('ascii')
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'UnicodeEncodeError'> 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\xf6' in position 1: ordinal not in range(128)
[103]:
bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1 = joerg.encode('iso-8859-1')
[104]:
len(bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1)
[104]:
4
[99]:
type(bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1)
[99]:
bytes
[114]:
bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1
[114]:
b'J\xf6rg'
[115]:
bytes_joerg_utf_32 = joerg.encode('utf-32')
[116]:
len(bytes_joerg_utf_32)
[116]:
20
[120]:
bytes_joerg_utf_32
[120]:
b'\xff\xfe\x00\x00J\x00\x00\x00\xf6\x00\x00\x00r\x00\x00\x00g\x00\x00\x00'
[121]:
bytes_joerg_utf_16 = joerg.encode('utf-16')
bytes_joerg_utf_16
[121]:
b'\xff\xfeJ\x00\xf6\x00r\x00g\x00'
[102]:
bytes_joerg_utf_8 = joerg.encode('utf-8')
[106]:
len(bytes_joerg_utf_8)
[106]:
5
[119]:
bytes_joerg_utf_8
[119]:
b'J\xc3\xb6rg'
Send iso_latin_1 to a Russian
[108]:
joerg
[108]:
'Jörg'
[109]:
bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1
[109]:
b'J\xf6rg'
[110]:
bytes_received_by_russian = bytes_joerg_iso_latin_1
[112]:
bytes_received_by_russian
[112]:
b'J\xf6rg'
[113]:
bytes_received_by_russian.decode('iso-8859-5')
[113]:
'Jіrg'
Regular Expression¶
[122]:
line = '2435 ; Jörg ; Faschingbauer'
[125]:
fields = line.split(';')
[126]:
fields
[126]:
['2435 ', ' Jörg ', ' Faschingbauer']
[128]:
number = int(fields[0].strip())
number
[128]:
2435
[130]:
firstname = fields[1].strip()
firstname
[130]:
'Jörg'
[131]:
lastname = fields[2].strip()
lastname
[131]:
'Faschingbauer'
[132]:
import re
[137]:
regex_str = r'^\s*(\d+)\s*;\s*(\S+)\s*;\s*(\S+)\s*$'
line = '2435 ; Jörg ; Faschingbauer'
m = re.match(regex_str, line)
[138]:
m
[138]:
<re.Match object; span=(0, 39), match='2435 ; Jörg ; Faschingbauer'>
[139]:
m.group(1)
[139]:
'2435'
[140]:
m.group(2)
[140]:
'Jörg'
[141]:
m.group(3)
[141]:
'Faschingbauer'
f-Strings (since Python 3.6 !!)¶
[142]:
joerg = 666
caro = 'Caro'
[143]:
formatted = f'Something blah blah {joerg} another thing blah {caro}'
formatted
[143]:
'Something blah blah 666 another thing blah Caro'
[144]:
formatted = f'Something blah blah {joerg:010d} another thing blah {caro}'
formatted
[144]:
'Something blah blah 0000000666 another thing blah Caro'
Miscellaneous String Methods¶
[145]:
s = 'Mississippi'
s.count('ss')
[145]:
2
[146]:
s.isupper()
[146]:
False
[147]:
s.islower()
[147]:
False
[148]:
s.lower()
[148]:
'mississippi'
[149]:
s
[149]:
'Mississippi'
[150]:
s.upper()
[150]:
'MISSISSIPPI'
[152]:
start = s.find('ss')
start
[152]:
2
[153]:
end = s.find('ss', start+1)
end
[153]:
5
[154]:
s[start:end]
[154]:
'ssi'
[155]:
s.find('xxx')
[155]:
-1
[156]:
s.index('ss')
[156]:
2
[159]:
try:
s.index('xxx')
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'ValueError'> substring not found
strip()
[187]:
line = 'abc \t'
line.rstrip()
[187]:
'abc'
[190]:
line = 'abc\n'
line = line.rstrip('\n')
[191]:
line
[191]:
'abc'
[192]:
len(line)
[192]:
3
[161]:
filename = 'garbage-data.csv'
filename.endswith('.csv')
[161]:
True
[162]:
'666'.isidentifier()
[162]:
False
[163]:
'abc'.isidentifier()
[163]:
True
[164]:
'_'.isidentifier()
[164]:
True
[165]:
'int'.isidentifier()
[165]:
True
[167]:
type(int)
[167]:
type
[168]:
int = 666
type(int)
[168]:
int
[170]:
int
[170]:
666
[171]:
try:
int('666')
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'TypeError'> 'int' object is not callable
[172]:
type(666)
[172]:
int
[173]:
int = type(666)
int('666')
[173]:
666
WTF??
[180]:
'if'.isidentifier()
[180]:
True
[183]:
'if'.iskeyword()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_4000/3227798639.py in <module>
----> 1 'if'.iskeyword()
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'iskeyword'
[ ]:
[175]:
line
[175]:
'2435 ; Jörg ; Faschingbauer'
[176]:
line.split(';')
[176]:
['2435 ', ' Jörg ', ' Faschingbauer']
[177]:
line.split(';', 1)
[177]:
['2435 ', ' Jörg ; Faschingbauer']
[179]:
l = ['aaa', 'bbb', 'ccc']
'|'.join(l)
[179]:
'aaa|bbb|ccc'
[202]:
line = ' \n'
[204]:
line.strip()
[204]:
''
File I/O¶
Question: do binary files also iterate line by line?
[185]:
f = open('/etc/passwd', 'br')
[186]:
for line in f:
print(line)
b'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n'
b'bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync\n'
b'shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown\n'
b'halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt\n'
b'mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'systemd-oom:x:998:996:systemd Userspace OOM Killer:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'systemd-timesync:x:997:995:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'polkitd:x:996:994:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'avahi:x:70:70:Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack:/var/run/avahi-daemon:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'unbound:x:995:992:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'dnsmasq:x:994:991:Dnsmasq DHCP and DNS server:/var/lib/dnsmasq:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'nm-openconnect:x:993:989:NetworkManager user for OpenConnect:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'gluster:x:992:988:GlusterFS daemons:/run/gluster:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'rtkit:x:172:172:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'pipewire:x:991:987:PipeWire System Daemon:/var/run/pipewire:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'geoclue:x:990:986:User for geoclue:/var/lib/geoclue:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'chrony:x:989:984::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'saslauth:x:988:76:Saslauthd user:/run/saslauthd:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'radvd:x:75:75:radvd user:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'qemu:x:107:107:qemu user:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'openvpn:x:987:982:OpenVPN:/etc/openvpn:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'nm-openvpn:x:986:981:Default user for running openvpn spawned by NetworkManager:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'colord:x:985:980:User for colord:/var/lib/colord:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'flatpak:x:984:979:User for flatpak system helper:/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'gnome-initial-setup:x:983:978::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'vboxadd:x:982:1::/var/run/vboxadd:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/usr/share/empty.sshd:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'jfasch:x:1000:1000:Joerg Faschingbauer:/home/jfasch:/bin/bash\n'
b'mosquitto:x:981:974:Mosquitto Broker:/etc/mosquitto:/sbin/nologin\n'
b'someone-else:x:1001:1001::/home/someone-else:/bin/bash\n'
Tuples Containing Only One Element¶
[205]:
t = (1, 2, 3)
type(t)
[205]:
tuple
[206]:
t
[206]:
(1, 2, 3)
[207]:
t = (666)
type(t)
[207]:
int
[208]:
t
[208]:
666
[209]:
condition = True
[214]:
if (condition):
print('ahja')
ahja
[211]:
t = ()
type(t)
[211]:
tuple
[212]:
bool(t)
[212]:
False
[213]:
t = (1,2,3)
bool(t)
[213]:
True
[215]:
t = (666,)
type(t)
[215]:
tuple
Iterables, Lists, and the itertools Modules¶
[219]:
values = [
24000,
24500,
25000,
25500,
26000,
26500,
]
[221]:
for element in values:
print(element)
24000
24500
25000
25500
26000
26500
[222]:
it = iter(values)
type(it)
[222]:
list_iterator
[223]:
next(it)
[223]:
24000
[224]:
next(it)
[224]:
24500
[225]:
next(it)
[225]:
25000
[226]:
next(it)
[226]:
25500
[227]:
next(it)
[227]:
26000
[228]:
next(it)
[228]:
26500
[230]:
try:
next(it)
except Exception as e:
print(type(e), e)
<class 'StopIteration'>
itertools.chain()¶
[232]:
values
[232]:
[24000, 24500, 25000, 25500, 26000, 26500]
[233]:
import itertools
[234]:
for element in itertools.chain(values, values):
print(element)
24000
24500
25000
25500
26000
26500
24000
24500
25000
25500
26000
26500
Destructor?¶
[235]:
class Whatever:
def __init__(self):
print('init')
def __del__(self):
print('del')
[236]:
whe = Whatever()
init
[237]:
del whe
del
Tuple Unpacking on Dictionaries¶
[238]:
d = {
'ID': '5',
'Firstname': 'Joerg',
'Lastname': 'Faschingbauer',
'Birth': '19.6.1966',
}
[240]:
id, firstname, lastname, birth = d
[241]:
id, firstname, lastname, birth
[241]:
('ID', 'Firstname', 'Lastname', 'Birth')
[242]:
for k in d:
print(k)
ID
Firstname
Lastname
Birth
[243]:
id, firstname, lastname, birth = d.values()
[244]:
id, firstname, lastname, birth
[244]:
('5', 'Joerg', 'Faschingbauer', '19.6.1966')
subprocess¶
[249]:
import subprocess
[250]:
subprocess.run(['ls', '-l', '-a'])
total 144
drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 148 May 5 15:37 .
drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 816 Apr 28 11:20 ..
-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 13397 May 5 11:21 index.rst
-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~
drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 50 May 2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints
-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 116985 May 5 15:37 notebook.ipynb
-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst
[250]:
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '-a'], returncode=0)
[261]:
completed = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l', '-a'], capture_output=True)
[253]:
completed.returncode
[253]:
0
[262]:
completed.stdout
[262]:
b'total 148\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 148 May 5 15:47 .\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 816 Apr 28 11:20 ..\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 13397 May 5 11:21 index.rst\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~\ndrwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 50 May 2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 120725 May 5 15:47 notebook.ipynb\n-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst\n'
[263]:
completed.stderr
[263]:
b''
[256]:
completed.stdout.split(b'\n')
[256]:
[b'total 144',
b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 148 May 5 15:38 .',
b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 816 Apr 28 11:20 ..',
b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 13397 May 5 11:21 index.rst',
b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 6716 Apr 28 11:13 index.rst.~1~',
b'drwxrwxr-x. 1 jfasch jfasch 50 May 2 08:40 .ipynb_checkpoints',
b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 118110 May 5 15:38 notebook.ipynb',
b'-rw-rw-r--. 1 jfasch jfasch 112 Apr 28 11:18 notebook-wrapper.rst',
b'']
[257]:
subprocess.run(['wc', '-l'])
0
[257]:
CompletedProcess(args=['wc', '-l'], returncode=0)
[264]:
%matplotlib inline
[266]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
[267]:
x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = [i**2 for i in x]
[268]:
plt.plot(x, y)
[268]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fe3a392aa30>]
